Obróbka lnu. Ogólnie niezły kanał ( ze nowszych filmów- młyn foluszowy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkNrbrehdeo
https://arheo.cesis.lv/en/cpr/
The period of rule by the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order in Cēsis was marked
by lasting peace and the development of the castle. It was after the Livonian dominions lost
their independence that the castle saw its first great political changes and military clashes.
Chronologically, the period of Polish and Swedish rule in Cēsis can be divided into two
phases: the first, from 1562, when the lands of the Livonian Knights were annexed to the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, to 1621 when Cēsis was conquered by the troops of the
Swedish King; the second, from 1621, when the rule of the Swedish King was consolidated
in Cēsis to 1721, when the Russians conquered the territory of the present-day Vidzeme
region and, in compliance with the Nystad Peace Treaty, it fell under the rule of the Russian
Tsar.
This paper aims to provide an overview of the administrative, economic and military
functions of Cēsis Castle during the period of Polish and Swedish rule, revealing the impact
of the political changes and military activities on the construction and state of the castle.
The Poles consolidated their military positions in Cēsis Castle as far back as the
Livonian War. After 1582, when Cēsis became the administrative and religious centre of
the Polish-ruled territory of Livonia, the castle underwent renovation to fix the damage
it incurred during the siege by Russian troops in 1577–1578. The castle became the
residency of the Voivoda and President of Livonia as well as the seat of the land’s court of
justice. Under Polish rule, Cēsis Castle functioned as the centre of a large administrative
district and was well maintained and supplied, however, its military importance started to
decrease, compared to when it was governed by the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order.
After falling into the hands of the family of the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, Axel
Oxenstierna, Cēsis Castle lost its military and administrative significance altogether. From
at least 1637 onwards, the castle saw no renovations. The manor established next to the
castle gained local economic importance. After the 1681 reduction of the Livonian manors,
when the castle became directly owned by the King of Sweden, it fell into total disrepair.
The Swedish soldiers stationed there demolished it. Since the castle no longer complied
with the latest fortification standards, the military and civil administration did not attempt
to renovate it. Revision materials from 1688 indicate that the castle was uninhabited and
remained that way in coming years.
Wyjątkowa chorągiew:
https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/WissJbTirole ... 7-0290.pdf
https://www.staehlerner-haufen.com/verein/unsere-fahne/
Polski i Niemiecki portal o typografii
https://typoteka.pl/pl/search?tags=4
https://www.typolexikon.de/stichworte/#stichworte_F
Wyszukiwarka czcionek
https://www.1001fonts.com/search.html?search=Fraktur
https://www.1001fonts.com/gutenberg-textura-font.html
to jest mega
https://www.1001fonts.com/fust-schoeffer-font.html
